മത്സരത്തിലെ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്

മത്സരത്തിലെ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്
(ചൂര്യയി ചന്ദ്രന്‍)

 

English Structure – 4

 

20. In Case

• In Case = in the event that (A§ns hcn-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ)
• An in case clause gives a reason for the action in the main clause.
• In case appears similar to if but they are completely different
• In case is generally followed by simple present

eg:  1. Tom thought it might rain. He took an umbrella.

Tom took an umbrella in case it rained.

2. He took a taxi. He should not miss the train

He took a taxi in case he should miss the train.

3.   We think that things may get stolen. So we insure things.

We insure things in case they may be stolen.

4. Electricity may fail. So keep a few candles ready.

Keep a few candles ready in case electricity fails.

5. Copy this exercise down. You may forget it.

Copy this exercise down in case you forget it.

6. Go by a taxi. You may be late.

Go by a taxi in case you are late.

7. Keep some more money. You may need it.

Keep some more money in case you need it

8. Write your exercises neatly. You may need it later.

Write your exercises neatly in case you need it later.

9. Don’t play with fire. It may burn your finger.

Don’t play with fire in case it should burn your finger.

10. Study hard. You may miss the chance.

Study hard in case you should miss the chance.

 

21. Now that

• Now that means as a result of what has recently happened.
• Now that is used when you want to say that the effect of something that has happened is that something else takesplace.

Eg:  1. Now that I am in quarentine

I can read all the books I’ve always meant to read.

2. Now that you are grown up, you may stop childish behavior.
3. The rain has stopped. We can continue the game.

Now that the rain has stopped, we can continue the game.

4. We are here now, why shouldn’t we see the sights here ?

Now that we are here, why shouldn’t we see the sights here ?

5. Two of his sons are employed. So he has no financial worries.

Now that two of his sons are employed, he has no financial

worries.

6. The president and the speakers are arrived. Let us begin the

Meeting.

Now that the president and the speakers are arrived, let us begin

the meeting.

7. A bridge has been built over the river. So you can reach there by

car.

Now that a bridge has been built over the river ; you can reach

there by car.

8. I have no financial difficulties at present. All my children are

employed.

Now that all my children are employed, I have no financial

difficulties at present.

9. She has finished her examination. She is waiting for the results.

Now that she has finished her examinations. She is waiting for

the results.

10.Our portions are over. You should start your revision in earnest.

Now that our portions are over, you should start your revision in earnest.

 

22. Hardly / Scarcely

• Hardly and Scarcely are semi – negatives.
• A sentence beginning with Hardly or Scarcely is followed by V + S pattern.

eg:  Hardly  did    he    reach the platform……….

V  +  S  +  V

Hardly  had   he    reached the platform……….

V  +  S  +  V

• Hardly +  First Action

When   +   Second Action

• Words like soon, then, than etc are replaced by when

Hardly ………… when ……….

Scarcely ………. When ………..

eg:  1.  The train arrived at the station.

The passengers rushed to get into it.

Hardly had the train arrived at the station when the passengers

rushed to get into it.

2. When the rain stopped, we started our journey.

Hardly had the rain stopped when we started our journey.

Join the following sentences using hardly / when :

1. He saw me. At once he stopped the car.
2. John recovered from illness. Soon he was stricken down by another.
3. He reached the office. At once he called me on the mobile.
4. He fire engine arrived. At once it began to pump water on the burning house.
5. The boys saw the watchman. Soon they ran away.
6. I reached home. Soon it began to rain
7. He bought a car. He won the lottery.
8. He closed the door. Soon somebody knocked at the door.
9. No sooner had the cricket match started than it began to rain
10. It began to rain heavily as soon as we got off the train.

Answers :

1. Hardly had he seen me when he stopped the car.

Scarcely had he seen me when……..

2. Hardly (scarcely) had he recovered from illness when he was stricken down by another.
3. Scarcely (hardly) had he reached the office when he called me on the mobile.
4. Hardly (scarcely) had the fire engine arrived when it began to pump water on the burning house.
5. Scarcely (hardly) had the boys seen the watchman when they ran away.
6. Hardly had I reached home when it began to rain.
7. Hardly had he won the lottery when he bought a car.
8. Hardly had he closed the door when somebody knocked at it.
9. Hardly had the cricket match started when it began to rain
10. Hardly had we got off the train when it began to rain heavily.

 

 

 

23. As

• As =  because / when / while / for / since etc
• As can be placed at the beginning of a sentence.
• As can be placed in between two sentences. Two actions come in the two sentences. Second action comes first followed by as the first action

eg:  1. She did not attend the lecture as she was not well.

Join the following pairs with the help of as :

1. We are early. So let us rest for some time.
2. As we are early, let us rest for some time.
3. Let us rest for sometime as we are early.
4. It was raining. So he took an umbrella.

As it was raining, he took an umbrella.

3. The electric current had failed. So they lit some candles.

As the electric current had failed, they lit some candles.

4. He was not appointed because he had not the required qualifications.

As he had not the required qualifications he was not appointed.

5. He was very hungry. So he ate all the food.

As he was very hungry, he ate all the food.

6. Those flowers are beautiful. So we buy them.

As those flowers are beautiful, we shall buy them.

7. The servant was honest. His master trusted him.

As the servant was honest, his master trusted him.

8. He was a fool. He did not realize that they were making fun of him.

As he was a fool, he did not realize that they were making fun of him.

9. He is suffering from fever. He cannot go to school.

As he is suffering from fever, he cannot go to school.

10. Everybody liked the teacher. He was a good and kind man.

As the teacher was a good and kind man every body liked him.

 

23. In spite of

• In spite of =  despite / although
• In spite of +  possessive of the pronoun

Pronoun  they  (possessive their )

,,         he   (     ,,           his    )

,,        she  (      ,,          her    )

,,         we  (      ,,          our   )

• In spite of + Possessive + Noun form of the verb or adjective

eg:  They were poor. They succeeded.

Possessive of they is their

Noun form of poor is poverty.

In spite of their poverty, they succeeded

Exercises :

1. I gave him good advice. Yet he failed.
2. His vision is poor. Still he reads books
3. She was ill. Still she came to the office
4. The weather was bad. Still we went out.
5. His health is poor. Still he attends office regularly
6. He suffers great gain. Yet he laughs
7. We are very poor. Yet we are happy
8. He made repeated requests. Still she refused to help him
9. She worked hard. Yet she failed.
10. The leader was very popular. But he failed to get political support.

Answers :

1. In spite of my good advice, he failed
2. In spite of his poor vision, he reads books
3. In spite of his illness, she came to the office
4. In spite of the weather being bad, we went out
5. In spite of his poor health, he attends office regularly.
6. In spite of his great pain, he laughs
7. In spite of our poverty, we are happy
8. In spite of his repeated requests, she refused to help him
9. In spite of her hard work, she failed
10. In spite of his popularity, he failed to get political support.

 

24. Because, As and So

• Because =  as  (See No. 23)

eg:  1. As he was tired, ………..

Because he was tired, ……….

2. As he knew her well ……………

Because he knew her well …………..

• As is followed by a reason
• Because is also followed by a reason
• So is followed by a result

eg :  1. He was lazy. He could not study well.

He could not study well because he was lazy (Reason)

As he was lazy, he could not study well.

2. I was ill. So I could not go to school for a week

I could not go to school for a week because I was ill.

As I was ill, I could not go to school for a week.

3. He was late. He could not get the usual bus.

He was late because he could not get the usual bus.

As he could not get the usual bus, he was late.

4. They took him to hospital. He was not well.

They took him to hospital because he was not well.

As he was not well, they took him to hospital.

5. The teacher sent him out. He misbehaved in the class.

The teacher sent him out because he misbehaved in the class

As he misbehaved in the class, the teacher sent him out.

6. A) As he is very busy, he will not attend the meeting
7. B)  He will not attend the meeting because he is very busy.
8. C)  He is very busy so he will not attend the meeting
9. A)  As it was warm ; we left the windows open
10. B)  We left the windows open because it was warm
11. C)  It was warm so we left the windows open
12. A) As we have plenty of time, let us go and have some tea.
13. B) Let us go and have some tea because we have plenty of time
14. C) We have plenty of time so let us go and have some tea.
15. A) As the meeting ended so late, we missed the last bus.
16. B) We missed the last bus because the meeting ended so late.
17. C) The meeting ended so late so we missed the last bus
18. A) As tomorrow is a holiday, he will be at home
19.  B) He will be at home because tomorrow is a holiday
20. C) Tomorrow is a holiday so he will be at home

 

25. Since and For

• As an adverb since is used to say how long something has been going on.
• Since usually follows a verb in the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense

eg:  1.  I’ ve been waiting since 6.30 am

2. He has been playing since 5 pm
3. It has been raining non – stop since yester night

• For is also used to say how long something has been going on.
• For comes before duration of time
• Since comes before a point of time

eg:  1.  I have been waiting for ten minutes

ten minutes ( duration of time )

2. He has been waiting for three hours

three hours  ( duration of time )

3. They have been playing since 4.15 pm

4.15 pm  ( point of time )

4. He has been serving them since 2005

2005  ( point of time )

• Since is also used in the sense of because
• For is also used in the sense of because

For is used as a conjunction to join two main clauses.

Exercises :

1. We saw him last month. We haven’t seen him after wards

We haven’t seen him since last month

2. It was a public holiday. So there was no class that day.

Since it was a public holiday, there was no class that day

(since = because)

3. She wrote to me last year. She hasn’t written to me after wards

She hasn’t written to me since last year

4. I like you very much. So I shall attend your birthday party.

Since I like you very much, I shall attend your birthday party.

(since  = because)

5. This table is made of rose wood, it costs one lakh.

Since this table is made of rose wood, it costs one lakh. (since = because)

6. It last rained three weeks ago.

It is three weeks since it rained

7. I last visited my parents five months ago.

It is five months since I visited my parents.

8. He is walking slowly. He is old.

He is walking slowly ; for he is old

( for + reason )

9. We had missed the bus. So we came late.

We came late, for we missed the bus

( for + reason )

10. The harvest this year was good. There was plenty of rain.

The harvest this year was good, for there was plenty of rain

( for + reason )